By Witness Radio team.

Ssetabi Rauben, a smallholder farmer from Kicuculo village in Mubende district, has a deep connection to farming that dates back to his youth. His personal journey into farming, driven by his family’s need for a livelihood, is a testament to the importance of smallholder farmers in our agricultural system. Ssetabi’s story is just one of many that highlight the potential impact of the EAC Seed and Plant Varieties Bill 2025 on individual farmers.

“With no chance for going further in education, my father gave me land to start a living, and I had to move on. I didn’t go far with my education, so the only resort was to do agriculture since it was my family’s source of living,” He said in an interview with the Witness Radio team.

At 26, Ssetabi, a father of one, dedicates most of his two-acre farm to maize and beans. However, his future in farming, a field he knows best, is under threat. The local seeds he relies on may be outlawed by the 2025 Seed and Plant Varieties Bill of the EAC, potentially dimming his hopes.

The Seeds and Plant Varieties Bill, 2025, recently introduced by the Council of Ministers of the East African Community (EAC), is part of a long-term drive to unify seed regulations across the region.

The draft Bill, as witnessed by Witness Radio, aims to provide for the coordination of evaluation, release, and registration of plant varieties among Partner States; to establish standard processes for seed certification and protection of plant varieties within the Community; and to provide for related matters. According to its promoters, the Bill, based on Article 106 of the Treaty, aims to provide for seed certification, testing, and marketing, thereby facilitating and creating an enabling environment for private sector seed multiplication and distribution.

However, the bill has sparked opposition from civil society organizations, farmer networks, and development partners across the EAC. They argue that it could consolidate corporate control over seeds, curtail the rights of smallholder farmers, and jeopardize agro-biodiversity.

Further, analysis by experts reveals that provisions that risk restricting farmers’ traditional practices of saving, exchanging, and selling seed could have far-reaching consequences for food security, agro-biodiversity, and the livelihoods of millions of rural households.

According to civil society organizations, the Bill threatens to criminalize or restrict traditional practices like breeding, saving, sharing, exchanging, and selling farm-saved seeds. It supports breeders’ rights instead of farmers’ rights. The Bill places a heavy focus on commercial and certified seeds, which could undermine the diverse, locally adapted varieties essential for resilience against climate change, pests, and diseases. This overlooks the importance of farmer-managed seed systems, which are not only central to rural livelihoods and food sovereignty but also an integral part of our cultural heritage.

Many voices warn of serious weaknesses of the bill, which lead to further marginalization of indigenous and smallholder farmers and offer no legal recognition or protection for local farmer-managed seed systems. Despite this, smallholder farmers who are likely to be affected produce the highest amounts of food in the world.

In a critical discussion about the draft bill by Civil Society Organisations and smallholder farmers across East Africa and beyond, several experts on the topic voiced their concerns. Their united front of opposition, a powerful force against the bill, underscores the collective voice’s strength in shaping the bill’s fate.

Dr Peter Munyi, a professional lawyer with extensive experience in agricultural law, explained that the draft stipulates strict testing procedures for seed varieties, with criteria such as distinctiveness, uniformity, and stability being decisive for seed approval. He, however, mentioned that indigenous or farmer-managed seed systems, which are crucial for biodiversity and local food security, are often unable to meet these criteria.

He added, “The testing takes place in laboratories and the value for use and cultivation entails multi-location trials, which is also very expensive, and the only people who can really afford these tests would be commercial seed breeders, perhaps research institutions that USDA and other agencies also fund.”

Mariam Mayet, Executive Director of the African Center for Biodiversity, revealed that the bill is discriminatory and inequitable in its approach because it doesn’t treat all farmers and seeds equally. Her insights add weight to the concerns raised by smallholder farmers and civil society organizations.

Considering the reality of the lives of small-holding farmers, such as Mr. Ssetabi, it is clear that the bill would place an unreasonable burden on the local small farming community.

“We plant and replant our seeds. Our system, inherited from our fathers, has always involved

harvesting, selecting the best breeds, and replanting them; now, if there is a shift as the bill proposes. It’s challenging for people like me because seeds can be expensive at times. Having to buy new seeds every planting season will deepen us into poverty, and people will soon abandon agriculture for those with money.” This financial burden is a stark reality for smallholder farmers like Ssetabi, and the bill only exacerbates their economic struggles.

Considering that smallholder farmers like Ssetabi contribute significantly to the World’s food production, the potential impact of the bill on food security is a cause for concern. Once this bill is passed, there will be a burden on food security and, hence, an increase in poverty levels. The bill’s potential impact on food security cannot be overstated, making it a critical issue for all stakeholders.

Smallholder farming accounts for approximately 75 percent of agricultural production and over 75 percent of employment in East Africa, with up to 70–80 % of seeds planted originating from farmer-managed seed systems. The bill must be reconsidered in light of these implications to prevent a potential crisis. The significant role of smallholder farmers in East Africa’s agricultural sector underscores the urgency of this issue.

“Yet, these systems are in no way recognized in the draft Bill, and the provisions of the bill would install new barriers for farmers’ seed systems and prohibit the saving, reuse, exchange, selling, and sharing in the seed system”. A civil society network raised the alarm.

Ssetabi says. “Some of us rent land, so this is another challenge. Such seeds also need fertilizers.

Now, look at the costs of renting land, seeds, and fertilizers. Don’t you think this is a ploy to remove us from the farming system?” He questioned.

The concern over the bill extends beyond Uganda to other countries where it is being introduced. In Kenya, for example, farmers and the Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS)—a government parastatal mandated to ensure the quality of agricultural inputs and produce, thereby safeguarding the economy, the environment, and human health—rejected the bill. They warned that its enactment could weaken government oversight and expose farmers to substandard and counterfeit seeds.

“Giving seed producers the responsibility to determine the quality of their own seeds will erode government oversight and compromise seed quality,” The Managing Director of KEPHIS, Prof Theophilus Mutui, mentioned in an article published by the Eastleigh Voice.

Civil society organizations appeal that if the bill is to proceed, it must include strong, explicit protections for smallholder farmers, particularly around exceptions to breeders’ rights.

Additionally, stakeholders should advocate for a separate legal framework or policy that recognises and supports farmer-managed seed systems. Without such measures, the region risks enshrining a seed regime that deepens inequality, erodes biodiversity, and undermines the right to food.

By Witness Radio team,

Lusaka, Zambia: The 4th African Forum on Business and Human Rights has commenced with a call to promote inclusive economic development that will bring about holistic change across the continent.

This year’s event, themed ‘From Commitment to Action: Advancing Remedy, Reparations, and Responsible Business Conduct in Africa,’ underscores the crucial transition from mere pledges to tangible actions. This marks the fourth consecutive sitting after the first in Accra, Ghana, the second in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and the third in Nairobi, Kenya, in 2024, demonstrating the Forum’s unwavering commitment to the cause.

Representing the President of the Republic of Zambia, H.E. Hakainde Hichilema, Zambian Justice Minister Princess Kasune stated that Africa is presently at a crossroads due to increased investment in agribusiness, the extractive industry, and infrastructural development, which compromises human dignity, environmental conservation, and respect for the land and human rights of the African people.

“We are meeting here in Lusaka in 2025 at a time when local communities in Africa are experiencing displacement, mineral extraction is contaminating waterbodies on which communities survive on, rights denied at the expense of economic development” this has to stop, she noted that there’s a wide gap of what the African communities are experiencing and with what anchored in corporate responsibility frameworks.

She said Africa has a wealth of minerals, arable land, and other natural resources that must be protected and not exploited at the expense of the dignity and rights of African communities, or at the cost of degrading the environment and the ecosystem.

Kasune criticized officials from African governments who attend negotiation tables with investors as if they were beggars and fail to secure better deals that benefit the African people. She emphasized the need for stronger negotiation power, which would ultimately prevent these unfavorable deals from displacing communities from their ancestral lands.

“We cannot come to the business tables as if we are begging. We are co-partners and must negotiate effectively on behalf of the citizens of the African continent, strengthening their voices to demand accountability when things are not going well. We have so many resources to offer, which are needed by the so-called big nations that can take the entire African continent to a middle-class income status, where our citizens can enjoy a decent standard of living,” said Kasune.

The African continent has documented many cases where African citizens are ordered to vacate their lands in the days before consultation or without proper resettlement and fair compensation.

Kasune reported that on the continent, some cultural chiefs connive with investors and sell communities’ lands at a cost regarded as a handout/ keep pocket change rate (very low), and revealed that Zambia is in the process of finalizing the development of the first National Action Plan on Business and human rights to promote responsible business conduct in the country, a step towards a more equitable future.

Zambia is joining a list of several countries on the continent, such as Uganda, Kenya, Nigeria, and Liberia, that have adopted and now implement National Action Plans (NAPs) on Business and Human Rights. Others, such as Ghana, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe, are in various stages of developing their NAPs.

The overall goal of a National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights (NAP) is to implement the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights by outlining a government’s strategy to ensure that businesses respect human rights and that effective remedies are available when abuses occur.

The Forum, scheduled to run from October 7th to 9th, 2025, aims to strengthen access to remedies, advance reparations, and develop effective strategies to prevent irresponsible investments such as land grabbing and environmental degradation on the continent, among other objectives.

By Witness Radio Team.

A global coalition, comprising more than 140 organizations and 110 public figures, including national ministries, major human rights organizations, grassroots movements, and prominent intellectuals, is calling for the 30th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP30) Summit to focus on reparatory and climate justice for both Indigenous and Afro-descendant peoples. This coalition represents a diverse range of stakeholders, all united in their commitment to addressing the historical injustices that have been faced by these communities.

Time is of the essence as afro-descendants and Indigenous people worldwide continue to face ongoing challenges in environmental justice and evictions due to historical marginalization and discrimination. The urgency of these issues cannot be overstated; immediate action is necessary to prevent further harm.

These groups frequently have their land rights ignored, deal with forced evictions, and face environmental dangers like toxic waste. They also struggle with not having enough political representation, insufficient legal protection, and violence against those defending their territories.

This November, the 30th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP30) will convene in Belém, Brazil, bringing together world leaders, policymakers, civil society organizations, scientists, and corporations to negotiate collective action against the climate crisis.

The United Nations Conference of the Parties (COP) is the supreme decision-making body for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held annually. It is a crucial platform where global leaders, policymakers, civil society organizations, scientists, and corporations come together to negotiate collective action against the climate crisis.

But before this year’s annual sitting, a global coalition argues that the COP30 gathering in Brazil addresses the interconnected crises of colonial histories and climate breakdown that have consistently affected these marginalized groups.

The petitioners link today’s climate emergency to centuries of greenhouse emissions, extraction, dispossession, and racial violence rooted in slavery, colonialism, and imperialist systems that have enriched the Global North while leaving Afro-descendant, Indigenous, and local communities in developing nations bearing the heaviest burdens of environmental destruction.

This appeal is presented through an open letter launched by the Instituto Luiz Gama (Brazil), the Global Afro-descendant Climate Collaboration for Climate Justice, and Resilient40 (Uganda), among others. The letter is being addressed to the Brazilian presidency and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat.

Among other signatories to this global cause are national ministries, major human rights organizations, grassroots movements, and prominent intellectuals, including Colombia’s Ministry of Environment, Amnesty International USA, among others.

The petitioners stress that genuine climate justice cannot exist without reparatory justice. Mariama Williams, a Senior Strategic Advisor at the Global Afro-descendant Climate Justice Collaborative, notes that climate talks often treat justice as a rhetorical flourish rather than a necessary obligation based in history and law.

“By centering the legacies of enslavement, colonialism, and extractivism, this global call highlights the structural roots of climate vulnerability and makes clear that effective solutions must dismantle the economic and political asymmetries that continue to shape our world.” She added.

Accordingly, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has acknowledged that colonialism is a driver of climate vulnerability. The open letter builds on this recognition, emphasizing that addressing the climate crisis necessitates confronting the structural injustices inherent in the global economy.

COP30 is to be held in Belém, near the Amazon rainforest. This location, with its symbolic significance and immediate importance, is not only crucial for the planet’s survival but also home to communities whose experiences with colonization and marginalization have significantly impacted their vulnerability. We must act to protect vital ecosystems, such as the Amazon, and the people who call them home.

Renato Aparecido Gomes, President of Instituto Luiz Gama, stressed that Afro-descendant and Indigenous communities in the Amazon offer low-carbon, equitable models of development rooted in ancestral land care, and that the climate crisis cannot be solved without centering their demands for reparatory and restorative justice.

Civil society groups insist that COP30 must be a turning point, where climate negotiations stop sidelining justice and reparation for victims of historical injustices becomes a central focus. For them, the fight against climate change and the struggle for reparations are inseparable.

They further claim that the resistance and sustainability practices of Afro-descendant and Indigenous peoples present a unique opportunity for the global community to learn and reshape climate governance around equity, rights, and historical accountability. Their resilience and wisdom can guide us towards a more just and sustainable future.

As the letter concludes, “Climate action cannot be considered independently of global justice. Their leadership, knowledge, and rights are not optional extras, but essential for building a just and livable future.”

COP30 will take place from November 10 to 21, 2025, in Belém, Brazil. It remains to be seen whether global leaders will heed this call for justice.